Tutorial: Unix Commands and Submit

U Drive and Putty

• Mount U drive
• U drive is identical to rucs home directory


• Personal machines:
• ThisPC/Computer/Map network drive
• \\userdir\users\yourRUuserid
• If not logged in with RU userid: Select Connect using different credentials
• You may need to enter your userid as RADFORD\userid
• See OneStop for detailed instructions
• N.B. Your old H drive is at userdir\username


• Run putty and login to rucs
• Download PuTTY and run executable
• Host name: rucs.radford.edu
• Home directory on rucs is your U: drive

Shell

• A program that provides access to OS services and resources
• Provides a command line interface to OS (is a GUI OS interface a shell?)
• Common unix shells: bash, csh, ...
• Common windows shells: cmd, powershell


• Putty (and mac terminal window) give access to a shell
• Putty (and terminal window) runs on your local machine, and shell runs on the remote machine (ie rucs)


• What a shell does:
• Run Commands:
• Read command line
• Find command(s)
• Execute command
• Maintain Environment Variables: eg $PATH.
• eg $PATH
• setenv
• Shell Startup:
• Automatically execute commands read from a startup file
• Example: .profile, .cshrc, in home directory
• Name of startup file varies depending on shell


• Command execution
• Built-in: ls, cd, pwd, rm - run by shell program
• Can start other programs, from PATH: eg gnatmake
• echo $PATH
• Can start other programs, from local directory: eg ./homework_one
• ./ not needed if . is on $PATH
• What is .? A special name for the current directory



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Basic Commands

---

• pwd, ls, cd, absolute and relative paths, . and .. (current and parent dirs)

   pwd                   # print working directory
   ls /usr/local/gnat    # list files at this directory
                         # absolute paths start with /

   cd /usr/local/gnat    # change to that directory

   pwd                   # yup, we're there
   cd bin      # change to child directory bin
   pwd
   ls          # look at current directory
   ls .        # look at current directory
   ls ..       # look at parent directory.
   cd ../lib   # change to sibling directory bin.  Relative path
   pwd
   cd ..       # change to parent directory
   pwd
   cd ./bin    # change to child of current directory
   pwd
   ./gnatls    # run gnatls from current directory
   

• More on ls
• ls -l: type (d=dir), permissions, links, owner, group, size, date, time, name
• Permissions: Read/Write/Execute for User/Group/Others
• -- for options that are words

   cd /usr/local/bin
   ls     # list files
   ls -l  # long format
   ls -a  # all files (include hidden files)
   ls -F  # mark directories with / and executables with *
   ls --color         # color
   ls -alF --color    # Multiple options
   ls    lib          # files in directory lib
   ls -d lib          # directory lib itself
   

• ~ (home directory), - (previous directory),

   pwd
   ls ~    # list files in home directory
   cd ~    # Change to home dir
   cd -    # change to previous dir
   cd      # Change to home dir
   cd -    # change to previous dir
   pwd
   

• mkdir (Make a directory), ls -d

   cd ~           # Start in home dir
   mkdir 320      # create new child dir
   ls -d 320      # dir 320 should exist
   ls 320         # 320 should be empty
   mkdir 320/h1   # create a child of 320
   ls 320         # 320 no longer emtpy
   ls -d 320      # view 320 as a directory
   cd 320         # go to child
   pwd
   ls
   ls -a          # what are . and ..?
   cd h1
   pwd
   

• Create, compile, run, and cat int1.adb
• Create int1.adb on laptop and save in 320/h1

      with ada.text_io; use ada.text_io;
      with ada.integer_text_io; use ada.integer_text_io;
      procedure int1 is
         i: Integer;
      begin
         get(i);
         put(i);
         new_line;
      end int1;
      

• cat (View), compile and run on rucs:

        cd ~/320/h1
        ls 
        cat int1.adb  
        gnatmake int1
       ./int1
      

• Edit int1.adb and introduce a few errors for practice, then fix them
• Use vim or nano [running pico also runs nano] for an editor


• cp, mv (copy and move - destination is a dir)

        cd ~/320/h1    # start in home
        ls
        cp int1.adb int2.adb    # copy int1.adb to new file int2.adb
        ls
        mv int2.adb ..          # move int2.adb to parent dir
        ls                      #   it's gone from here
        ls ..                   #   it's in the parent
        mv ../int2.adb .        # move it back to here
        ls                      #   yup, it's here
      

• mv (rename - destination is a file, not a dir), rm (remove)

        ls
        mv int2.adb int3.adb    # change name of int2
        ls
        rm int3.adb
        ls
   

• * (Wildcard)

   cp int1.adb int2.adb
   gnatmake int1    # create some .o and .ali files
   gnatmake int2
   ls
   ls int1*         # all int1
   ls int2.*        # all int1.
   ls *
   rm *.o           # all .o
   rm *.ali         # all .ali
   

• rmdir (remove directory - which must be empty)

   cd ~/320
   mkdir tmp
   cp h1/int1.adb tmp
   rmdir tmp            # not empty
   rm tmp/int1.adb      # empty it
   rmdir tmp            # now it works
   ls                   # yup, it's gone
   

• submit command

   cd h1
   submit itec320-01 int1.adb   # submit it
   submit itec320-01 -ls        # check it
   

Other Commands

• cls
• alias
• head, tail
• which
• less, more
• | (ie pipe)
• wc
• grep
• diff
• find
• man
• od -x

• What shell am I running: ps
• tcsh vi command line editing: bindkey -v
• bash vi command line editing: set -o vi

• ls vs dir
• cat vs type
• mv vs rename
• rm vs delete

WinSCP

• Another way to get files to rucs is to use winscp
• For personal machines, download and install WinSCP


• Macs and linux machines - can use scp from command lien